BRUSSELS — In the 10 years since the Brussels terror attacks, the EU has tightened its security strategy but the internet is opening up new threats, according to the bloc’s counterterrorism coordinator.  Daesh is “mutating jihadism,” Bartjan Wegter told POLITICO in an interview on the eve of the anniversary of the terrorist attacks in Brussels, which pushed the bloc to bolster border protection and step up collaboration and information-sharing. The group has “calculated that it’s much more effective to radicalize people who are already inside the EU through online environments rather than to organize orchestrated attacks from outside our borders,” he said.  “And they’re very good at it.” Ten years ago, two terrorists from Daesh (also known as the so-called Islamic State) blew themselves up at Brussels Airport. Another explosion tore through a metro car at Maelbeek station, in the heart of Brussels’ EU district. Thirty-two people were killed, and hundreds more injured.  The attacks came just months after terrorists killed 130 people in attacks on a concert hall, a stadium, restaurants and bars in Paris, exposing gaps in information-sharing in the bloc’s free-travel area. The terrorists had moved between countries, planning the attacks in one and carrying them out in another, said Wegter, who is Dutch. “That’s where our vulnerabilities were.” Today, violent jihadism remains a threat and new large-scale attacks can’t be excluded. But the probability is “much, much lower today than it was 10 years ago,” said Wegter. In the aftermath of the attacks, the bloc changed its security strategy with a focus on prevention and a “security reflex” across every policy field, according to Wegter. It’s also stepping up police and judicial collaboration through Europol and Eurojust, and it’s putting in place databases — including the Schengen Information System — so countries could alert each other about high-risk individuals, as well as an entry/exit system to monitor who enters and leaves the free-travel area. But the bloc is facing a new type of threat, as security officials see a gradual increase in attempted terrorist attacks by lone actors. A lot of that is being cultivated online and increasingly, younger people are involved. “We’ve seen cases of children 12 years old. And, the radicalization process [is] also happening faster,” Wegter said. “Sometimes we’re talking about weeks or months.” In 2024, a third of all arrests connected to potential terror threats were of people aged between 12 and 20 years old, and France recorded a tripling of the number of minors radicalized between 2023 and 2024, said Wegter.  “Just put yourself in the shoes of law enforcement … You’re dealing with young people who spend most of their time online … Who may not have a criminal record. Who, if they are plotting attacks, may not be using registered weapons. It’s very hard to prevent.” Violent jihadism is just one of the threats EU security officials worry are being cultivated online. Wegter said there is also an emerging trend of a violent right-wing extremist narrative online — and to a lesser extent, violent left-wing extremism. There’s also what he called “nihilistic extremist violence,” a new phenomenon that can feature elements of different ideologies or a drive to overthrow the system, but which is fundamentally minors seeking an identity through violence. “What we see online, some of these images are so horrible that even law enforcement needs psychological support to see this kind of stuff,” said Wegter. Law enforcement’s ability to get access to encrypted data and information on people under investigation is crucial, he stressed, and he drew parallels with the steps the EU took to secure the Schengen free movement 10 years ago. “If you want to preserve the good things of the internet, we also need to make sure that we have … some key mechanisms to safeguard the internet also.”

Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez on Wednesday unveiled a new government AI tool that will rank social media sites based on how much hate speech they host. “If hate is already dangerous, social networks have turned it into a weapon of mass polarization that ends up seeping into everyday life,” Sánchez said at an International Summit against Hate and Digital Harassment. “Today social networks are a failed state,” he said. The new system, known as HODIO, will analyze large volumes of publicly available activity on social media to measure the scale and spread of online hate speech. The data will be used to track how hateful content evolves and spreads on platforms, and will feed into a public ranking comparing how much hate speech circulates on major networks. The European Union has rolled out laws and regulations like the Digital Services Act to crack down on illegal and harmful online content. The rules have drawn the ire of the United States’ administration, which sees them as online censorship. The new Spanish hate speech tool comes as Sanchéz repeatedly clashed with U.S. President Donald Trump last week over the conflict in Iran. The Spanish prime minister said the initiative is aimed at holding platforms accountable for how their algorithms amplify polarizing content, and added that the government plans to introduce a legal offense for “algorithmic amplification” of hate speech. Sánchez launched a broader push for stricter digital regulation last month and wants to ban social media access for users under 16.

A senior U.S. diplomat blasted German authorities over a police investigation into a retired man who referred to Chancellor Friedrich Merz as “Pinocchio.” “It isn’t just Holocaust denial that spurs police crackdowns in Germany. This criminal investigation (against a retiree over the term ‘Pinocchio’) feels like a case of lèse-majesté,” U.S. Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy Sarah Rogers said. “Most Germans I’ve talked to don’t want their laws applied this way. But vague, broad prohibitions on speech invariably produce edge-case abuses and chilling effects.” Rogers’ intervention underscores the Trump administration’s increasingly confrontational stance toward European policies on what people can and can’t say online, which it views as incompatible with U.S. free speech principles. Local media reported Friday that police were investigating a retiree from the southwestern city of Heilbronn who commented on a local police Facebook post last October about security measures for a Merz visit: “Pinocchio is coming to Heilbronn.” The man followed the comment with a long-nose emoji, referencing the fairytale character whose nose grows when he lies. Heilbronn police confirmed the probe to POLITICO. According to a spokesperson, the department’s social media team filtered all comments on their Facebook post for possible indictable insults and sent them to the city’s public prosecutor’s office. Three months later, police informed the man that he was under investigation over the alleged insult under Paragraph 188 of Germany’s criminal code. That provision allows prison sentences of up to five years for insult, slander or defamation directed at political figures. Paragraph 188 has previously sparked controversy in Germany. In 2024, police searched the home of a retiree who had called then-Economy Minister Robert Habeck Schwachkopf, or moron. The far-right AfD sought to abolish the paragraph in January, but a vote in the Bundestag failed. This wasn’t the first time Merz was referred to as “Pinocchio.” Green politician Franziska Brantner wrote in a Facebook post last summer that, if Merz was not going to reduce the energy tax as promised, he could become a “lying Pinocchio chancellor.” AfD lawmaker Stephan Brandner also compared Merz to the fictional character in a social media post. Regarding the newly reported probe, which comes as the Trump administration ramps up its attempts to force Europe into scaling back content-moderation laws, Rogers added: “When you’re regulating speech at scale, on platforms based in America (whose American users, especially, deserve First Amendment protection), this creates problems worth solving.”

A court in Germany on Tuesday ordered Elon Musk’s social media site X to hand over data related to the upcoming election in Hungary to researchers for scrutiny. The court in Berlin ruled in favor of rights group Democracy Reporting International in its bid to access data to research influence campaigns and disinformation in the election. The group took its case to court after X in November refused its data access requests. The European Union’s rules for social media platforms, the Digital Services Act, obliges big online platforms like X to grant external researchers access to data to scrutinize how platforms handle risks, including election interference. The European Commission in December fined X €40 million for breaching that obligation, as part of a €120 million levy. Hungarians head to the polls in April, in a contested election that is a crucial test for longtime leader Viktor Orbán, who faces fierce opposition from his rival Péter Magyar. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio met Orbán in Budapest on Monday, after U.S. President Donald Trump already endorsed the far-right populist leader this month. Musk, who owns X, has also waded into European politics in Germany, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. X did not respond to POLITICO’s request for comment at the time of publication. The election is critical to Brussels’ establishment as well, POLITICO reported earlier, as Orbán frequently clashes with Brussels and other European capitals over support for Ukraine, LGBTQ+ rights and Russia sanctions. Last year, Democracy Reporting International lost a similar case before a Berlin court for access to data on the German elections. The new ruling could set a precedent for other organizations in Germany seeking access to data. “The online space should not be a black box,” said Michael Meyer-Resende, the rights group’s executive director. The case was supported by the Society for Civil Rights and law firm Hausfeld.

A clash between Poland’s right-wing president and its centrist ruling coalition over the European Union’s flagship social media law is putting the country further at risk of multimillion euro fines from Brussels. President Karol Nawrocki is holding up a bill that would implement the EU’s Digital Services Act, a tech law that allows regulators to police how social media firms moderate content. Nawrocki, an ally of U.S. President Donald Trump, said in a statement that the law would “give control of content on the internet to officials subordinate to the government, not to independent courts.” The government coalition led by Prime Minister Donald Tusk, Nawrocki’s rival, warned this further exposed them to the risk of EU fines as high as €9.5 million. Deputy Digital Minister Dariusz Standerski said in a TV interview that, “since the president decided to veto this law, I’m assuming he is also willing to have these costs [of a potential fine] charged to the budget of the President’s Office.” Nawrocki’s refusal to sign the bill brings back bad memories of Warsaw’s years-long clash with Brussels over the rule of law, a conflict that began when Nawrocki’s Law and Justice party rose to power in 2015 and started reforming the country’s courts and regulators. The EU imposed €320 million in penalties on Poland from 2021-2023. Warsaw was already in a fight with the Commission over its slow implementation of the tech rulebook since 2024, when the EU executive put Poland on notice for delaying the law’s implementation and for not designating a responsible authority. In May last year Brussels took Warsaw to court over the issue. If the EU imposes new fines over the rollout of digital rules, it would “reignite debates reminiscent of the rule-of-law mechanism and frozen funds disputes,” said Jakub Szymik, founder of Warsaw-based non-profit watchdog group CEE Digital Democracy Watch. Failure to implement the tech law could in the long run even lead to fines and penalties accruing over time, as happened when Warsaw refused to reform its courts during the earlier rule of law crisis. The European Commission said in a statement that it “will not comment on national legislative procedures.” It added that “implementing the [Digital Services Act] into national law is essential to allow users in Poland to benefit from the same DSA rights.” “This is why we have an ongoing infringement procedure against Poland” for its “failure to designate and empower” a responsible authority, the statement said. Under the tech platforms law, countries were supposed to designate a national authority to oversee the rules by February 2024. Poland is the only EU country that hasn’t moved to at least formally agree on which regulator that should be. The European Commission is the chief regulator for a group of very large online platforms, including Elon Musk’s X, Meta’s Facebook and Instagram, Google’s YouTube, Chinese-owned TikTok and Shein and others. But national governments have the power to enforce the law on smaller platforms and certify third parties for dispute resolution, among other things. National laws allow users to exercise their rights to appeal to online platforms and challenge decisions. When blocking the bill last Friday, Nawrocki said a new version could be ready within two months. But that was “very unlikely … given that work on the current version has been ongoing for nearly two years and no concrete alternative has been presented” by the president, said Szymik, the NGO official. The Digital Services Act has become a flashpoint in the political fight between Brussels and Washington over how to police online platforms. The EU imposed its first-ever fine under the law on X in December, prompting the U.S. administration to sanction former EU Commissioner Thierry Breton and four other Europeans. Nawrocki last week likened the law to “the construction of the Ministry of Truth from George Orwell’s novel 1984,” a criticism that echoed claims by Trump and his top MAGA officials that the law censored conservatives and right-wingers. Bartosz Brzeziński contributed reporting.

Meta named former Trump adviser Dina Powell McCormick to serve as president and vice chair Monday, further cementing the company’s growing ties to Republicans and President Donald Trump’s White House. In addition to a long career on Wall Street, Powell McCormick served as Trump’s deputy national security adviser during his first term. She was also a member of the George W. Bush administration. She first joined Meta’s board last April, part of a broader play by the social media and artificial intelligence giant to hire Republicans following Trump’s election. In a statement, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg praised Powell McCormick’s “experience at the highest levels of global finance, combined with her deep relationships around the world, [which] makes her uniquely suited to help Meta manage this next phase of growth.” Rightward trend: Powell McCormick’s time in global finance — she spent 16 years as a partner at Goldman Sachs and was most recently a top executive at banking company BDT & MSD Partners — could be a major asset to Meta as it raises hundreds of billions of dollars to build out data centers and other AI-related infrastructure. But her GOP pedigree and proximity to Trump likely played a significant role in her hiring as well. Since Trump’s election, Meta has worked to curry favor with Republicans in the White House and on Capitol Hill. The company elevated former GOP official Joel Kaplan to serve as global affairs lead last January, simultaneously tapping Kevin Martin, a former Republican chair of the Federal Communications Commission, as his No. 2. Under pressure from Republicans, last year Meta also rolled back many of its former rules related to content moderation. In 2024, the company apologized to congressional Republicans — specifically Rep. Jim Jordan (R-Ohio), chair of the House Judiciary Committee — for removing content that contained disinformation about the Covid-19 pandemic. A Meta spokesperson declined to comment when asked whether Powell McCormick’s ties to Trump and Republicans played a role in her hiring. Trump thumbs up: In a Truth Social post Monday, Trump congratulated Powell McCormick and said Zuckerberg made a “great choice.” The president called her “a fantastic, and very talented, person, who served the Trump Administration with strength and distinction!”

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen blasted Elon Musk’s platform X over the spread of sexually explicit deepfakes created using its AI chatbot Grok. “I am appalled that a tech platform is enabling users to digitally undress women and children online. This is unthinkable behavior. And the harm caused by these deepfakes is very real,” von der Leyen said in an interview with multiple European media outlets, including Reuters and Corriere della Sera. “We will not be outsourcing child protection and consent to Silicon Valley. If they don’t act, we will,” she warned. Since the beginning of January, thousands of women and teenagers, including public figures, have reported that their photos published on social media have been “undressed” and put in bikinis by Grok at the request of users. The deepfake tool has prompted investigations from regulators across Europe, including in Brussels, Dublin, Paris and London. The European Commission ordered X on Thursday to retain “all internal documents and data relating to Grok” — an escalation of the ongoing investigation into X’s content moderation policies — after calling the nonconsensual, sexually explicit deepfakes “illegal,” “appalling” and “disgusting.” In response, X made its controversial AI image generation feature only available to users with paid subscriptions. European Commission spokesperson Thomas Regnier said that limiting the tool’s use to paying subscribers did not mean an end to the EU’s investigation. The scandal has emerged as a fresh test of the EU’s resolve to rein in Musk and U.S. Big Tech firms. Only a month earlier, Brussels fined X €120 million for breaching the bloc’s landmark platform law, the Digital Services Act (DSA). The fine sparked a swift and forceful reaction from Washington, with the U.S. administration imposing a travel ban on the EU’s former digital commissioner and chief architect of the DSA, Thierry Breton. X did not immediately respond to POLITICO’s request for comment about von der Leyen’s criticism.

WARSAW — Poland’s nationalist President Karol Nawrocki on Friday sided with his ally U.S. President Donald Trump to veto legislation on enforcing the EU’s social media law, which is hated by the American administration. Trump and his top MAGA officials condemn the EU’s Digital Services Act — which seeks to force big platforms like Elon Musk’s X, Facebook, Instagram to moderate content — as a form of “Orwellian” censorship against conservative and right-wingers. The presidential veto stops national regulators in Warsaw from implementing the DSA and sets Nawrocki up for a a clash with centrist pro-EU Prime Minister Donald Tusk. Tusk’s parliamentary majority passed the legislation introducing the DSA in Poland. Nawrocki argued that while the bill’s stated aim of protecting citizens — particularly minors — was legitimate, the Polish bill would grant excessive power to government officials over online content, resulting in “administrative censorship.”  “I want this to be stated clearly: a situation in which what is allowed on the internet is decided by an official subordinate to the government resembles the construction of the Ministry of Truth from George Orwell’s novel 1984,” Nawrocki said in a statement — echoing the U.S.’s stance on the law. Nawrocki also warned that allowing authorities to decide what constitutes truth or disinformation would erode freedom of expression “step by step.” He called for a revised draft that would protect children while ensuring that disputes over online speech are settled by independent courts. Deputy Prime Minister and Digital Affairs Minister Krzysztof Gawkowski dismissed Nawrocki’s position, accusing the president of undermining online safety and siding with digital platforms.  “The president has vetoed online safety,” Gawkowski told a press briefing Friday afternoon, arguing the law would have protected children from predators, families from disinformation and users from opaque algorithms.  The minister also rejected Nawrocki’s Orwellian comparisons, saying the bill explicitly relied on ordinary courts rather than officials to rule on online content. Gawkowski said Poland is now among the few EU countries without national legislation enabling effective enforcement of the DSA and pledged that the government would continue to pursue new rules. The clash comes as enforcement of the social media law has become a flashpoint in EU-U.S. relations.  Brussels has already fined Elon Musk’s X €120 million for breaching the law, prompting a furious response from Washington, including travel bans imposed by the Trump administration on former EU Commissioner Thierry Breton, an architect of the tech law, and four disinformation experts. The DSA allows fines of up to 6 percent of a company’s global revenue and, as a measure of last resort, temporary bans on platforms. Earlier this week, the European Commission expanded its investigation into X’s AI service Grok after it started posting a wave of non-consensual sexualized pictures of people in response to X users’ requests. The European Commission’s digital spokesperson Thomas Regnier said the EU executive would not comment on national legislative procedures. “Implementing the DSA into national law is essential to allow users in Poland to benefit from the same DSA rights, such as challenging platforms if their content is deleted or their account suspended,” he said. “This is why we have an ongoing infringement procedure against Poland. We have referred Poland to the Court of Justice of the EU for failure to designate and empower the Digital Services Coordinator,” in May 2025, Regnier added. Gawkowski said that the government would make a quick decision on what to do next with the vetoed bill but declined to offer specifics on what a new bill would look like were it to be submitted to parliament again. Tusk four-party coalition does not have enough votes in parliament to override Nawrocki’s vetoes. That has created a political deadlock over key legislation efforts by the government, which stands for reelection next year. Nawrocki, meanwhile, is aiming to help the Law and Justice (PiS) political party he’s aligned with to retake power after losing to Tusk in 2023. Mathieu Pollet contributed reporting.

Elon Musk’s AI chatbot Grok restricted access to a much-criticized deepfake generator on social media platform X following a surge of users creating nonconsensual nude images. Grok now says that “image generation is currently limited to paying subscribers” as “this helps ensure responsible use while we continue refining things,” citing “recent issues and improvements to safeguards.” The chatbot has drawn scrutiny from regulators and politicians across Europe after it enabled users to manipulate pictures posted online into a series of deepfakes, including depictions of undressed minors and public figures. Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Ebba Busch was one of the latest high-profile victims. That post is no longer visible. “This post from grok has been withheld in [the] European Union based on local law(s),” it is now labeled. The European Commission ordered X on Thursday to retain “all internal documents and data relating to Grok” — an escalation of the ongoing investigation into X’s content moderation policies — after calling the nonconsensual, sexually explicit deepfakes “illegal,” “appalling” and “disgusting.” X did not respond to a request for comment in time for publication.

PARIS — Former European commissioner Thierry Breton urged the European Union to respond with “the utmost severity” to the Trump administration’s decision to sanction him and four other European nationals for their work on online content moderation. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio last week announced Breton would be “generally barred from entering the United States,” along with British citizens Imran Ahmed and Clare Melford and Germany’s Anna-Lena von Hodenberg and Josephine Ballon, all of whom were members of organizations seeking to fight hate speech online. The U.S. State Department targeted Breton as the “mastermind of the Digital Services Act,” the EU’s rulebook for online platforms which was used to impose a €120 million fine on Elon Musk’s X and has led to a high-level dispute between Brussels and Washington. “If we accept that, as a European Commissioner, you can be ostracized, blamed, and punished for carrying out the mandate entrusted to you, then we are heading down an extraordinarily dangerous path,” Breton said Tuesday on RTL. “If we allow this situation to continue, it would mean that those who succeed me and have to exercise their European mandate would be intimidated and prevented from doing so.” “The European Commission cannot show any sign of weakness… European institutions must respond with the utmost severity,” he added. Breton said he had spoken at length with French President Emmanuel Macron after being sanctioned. The former tech industry executive, who resigned from his role as commissioner for internal market last year over claims Commission chief Ursula von der Leyen was trying to push him out, has received widespread support in Europe since the U.S. decision against him. In a statement, the Commission said it had “requested clarifications from the U.S. authorities” and would “if needed … respond swiftly and decisively.”