When German historian Rainer Zitelmann reposted a photo of Adolf Hitler to warn
against appeasing Russian President Vladimir Putin, he didn’t expect it to
trigger a police probe.
According to police, the problem was the image itself: Hitler was shown wearing
a swastika armband — a banned symbol under Germany’s criminal code, which
prohibits the public display of Nazi and other extremist insignia. Zitelmann was
informed in February that authorities were examining the case.
Zitelmann’s is just one of several recent investigations into online speech,
which have raised questions about how far German authorities are going in
enforcing strict speech laws — and whether efforts to curb extremism are
colliding with satire and political criticism.
Zitelmann said he posted the image as a warning, not an endorsement. Like
Hitler, Putin cannot be trusted when he says he has no further territorial
ambitions.
“I’m usually against Hitler analogies,” he said. “They’re often inaccurate and
used to discredit political opponents.”
But, he added, ”the parallels practically impose themselves.”
A week earlier, a journalist found himself in a similar situation for mocking
the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party.
In a podcast, Jan Fleischhauer suggested the party’s youth wing, known as
“Generation Germany,” might be better named “Generation Germany awake” — a
reference to a banned Nazi slogan.
Fleischhauer’s case comes after police had searched conservative commentator
Norbert Bolz’s home in October for using the same slogan to mock a left-wing
newspaper that had called for the AfD to be banned.
“A good translation for ‘woke’: Germany awake!” Bolz had written.
Fleischhauer reacted to his investigation with humor. “Maybe [the complaint was
filed] … by an AfD supporter who was annoyed that I made fun of the AfD youth
wing,” he said.
But, he warned, such cases risk chilling free speech.
Jan Fleischhauer at the 69th Frankfurt Book Fair in Frankfurt am Main in October
2017. | Frank May/picture alliance via Getty Images
“I come from the 1968 generation,” Fleischhauer said. “I thought the path of
free speech had been cleared once and for all by the ’68 movement. But as we can
see, all of that can be rolled back.”
TRADEOFF
The cases highlight a tension at the heart of Germany’s postwar legal order: how
to guard against extremism without restricting free expression.
After World War II, lawmakers — encouraged by the occupying Allied powers —
moved swiftly to ban symbols of the country’s Nazi past, seeking to prevent
fascism from reasserting itself.
Critics now argue authorities are going too far. Wolfgang Kubicki, deputy leader
of the pro-business Free Democrats, wants the law scrapped or narrowed.
“If one wants to keep it, it would have to be limited strictly to explicit
endorsement of National Socialist ideology,” he said. “At the moment, it has
become vague and ill-defined. The legislature urgently needs to change that.”
But others warn that loosening the rules could embolden extremists.
Lena Gumnior speaks to MPs in the plenary chamber of the German Bundestag on May
16, 2025. | Katharina Kausche/picture alliance via Getty Images
“The point is not to allow governments to suppress political expression, but
rather to protect the principles of our liberal constitution,” said Lena
Gumnior, a Green lawmaker. “It is about strictly prohibiting the use of
unconstitutional symbols, particularly those associated with National Socialism,
in order to protect our democracy.”
A separate provision of Germany’s criminal code — which designates it an offense
to insult or belittle a politician — also sparked controversy recently. In
January, a retiree came under investigation after posting a Facebook comment
about Chancellor Friedrich Merz’s visit to his town:
“Pinocchio is coming,” he wrote, adding a long-nose “lying” emoji.
That case drew the attention of U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration,
prompting a a post by Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy Sarah Rogers,
who has taken a strong stance against European laws that regulate online speech.
“Most Germans I’ve talked to don’t want their laws applied this way,” she wrote.
“When you’re regulating speech at scale, on platforms based in America (whose
American users, especially, deserve First Amendment protection), this creates
problems worth solving.”
German authorities have dropped the probes into Fleischhauer and the Pinocchio
emoji. The investigation into Zitelmann was still open as of Friday.
For Matthias Cornils, a law professor at the Johannes Gutenberg University of
Mainz, the outcome matters more than the investigations themselves.
“Courts often reject criminal liability, even in quite harsh cases,” he said.
“The strong constitutional protection of freedom of expression, developed over
decades, remains intact.”
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MUNICH, Germany — The U.S. is not interfering in European politics, a senior
U.S. State Department official told POLITICO on Saturday, despite reported
efforts by the Trump administration to fund MAGA-aligned organizations on the
continent.
Speaking at the POLITICO Pub on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference,
U.S. Under Secretary of State Sarah Rogers pushed back on a Financial Times
report that she had backed a program to fund far-right think tanks and
institutes in Europe.
“The idea that we have a slush fund for the far right is a lie,” Rogers said.
“It’s not America’s decision to govern who’s elected in Europe.”
The message from Rogers appeared to be another sign of the Trump administration
trying to send conciliatory signals to Europe, despite the recently published
National Security Strategy calling on the U.S. to “cultivate resistance” to the
political status quo on the continent. And it came just hours after Secretary of
State Marco Rubio called for a “strong and revitalized Europe” on the Munich
stage.
Rogers has courted controversy by taking to her official social media accounts
to launch public attacks, from characterizing immigrants to Germany as “imported
barbarian rapist hordes” to connecting Sweden’s migration policy to instances of
sexual violence, and for her sharp rebukes of social media regulations in the EU
and the United Kingdom.
After U.S. Vice President JD Vance’s searing Munich speech last year criticizing
European democracies for ostensibly pushing back on free speech rights in
efforts to crack down on election interference, Rogers indicated that the U.S.
is still making a list of which allies have been naughty and nice, but used a
gentler tone.
“In terms of who’s a good ally, we certainly have views on that, but whoever’s
elected, we will work with them,” she said.
At Munich, she has faced questions over whether rising far-right European
parties, such as Germany’s Alternative for Germany (AfD) and France’s National
Rally, might share U.S. priorities when it comes to beefing up defense.
Many right-wing parties have qualms over higher military spending and many also
have warm relations with the Kremlin.
Rogers said that despite holding meetings with an AfD spokesperson last year,
she has also talked with the British and French governments.
“I’m a diplomat,” Rogers said. “It’s my job to meet with people that disagree
with us on at least some things.”
The White House also has disagreements with would-be European allies on the
right, she said, and there is some common ground on efforts to crack down on AI
deepfakes and sexual exploitation on social media.
“We certainly don’t disagree that defamatory sexualized deepfakes are a serious
issue, possibly addressable by law,” she added.
Nationalist leaders lined up to endorse Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán in
a campaign video released this week as the election race begins in earnest.
The nearly two-minute clip, posted by Orbán, rolls out support from a who’s who
of European and international conservatives, including Italian Prime
Minister Giorgia Meloni, her deputy Matteo Salvini, French far-right
leader Marine Le Pen, Alternative for Germany (AfD) co-leader Alice Weidel, and
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
The coordinated show of support comes as Orbán heads into what is likely to be
his most competitive election in more than a decade. Hungary’s President Tamás
Sulyok confirmed Tuesday that the country will go to the polls on April 12.
After nearly 20 years at the helm, Orbán faces mounting criticism at home and
abroad over democratic backsliding, curbs on media freedom, and the erosion of
the rule of law. His Fidesz party, which has governed since 2010, is now
trailing the opposition Tisza Party, led by former Orbán ally Péter Magyar.
“Together we stand for a Europe that respects national sovereignty, is proud of
its cultural and religious roots,” Meloni said in the video, as she endorsed
Hungary’s incumbent leader.
“Security cannot be taken for granted, it must be won. And I think Viktor Orbán
has all those qualities. He has the tenacity, the courage, the wisdom to protect
his country,” Netanyahu added.
Also featured are Spain’s Vox chief Santiago Abascal, Austria’s Freedom Party
(FPÖ) leader Herbert Kickl, Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić, and Czech Prime
Minister Andrej Babiš, all key figures in the conservative, populist and
far-right political sphere. Argentine President Javier Milei also appears in the
video.
POLITICO’s Poll of Polls puts Magyar’s Tisza on 49 percent, well ahead of Fidesz
on 37 percent. Magyar has built momentum by campaigning on pledges to strengthen
judicial independence, clamp down on corruption and offer voters a clear break
from Orbán’s rule.
In Brussels, Orbán has frequently clashed with EU institutions and other member
states over issues including support for Ukraine, sanctions on Russia and LGBTQ+
rights, making him a polarizing figure within the bloc.
The campaign video, featuring a slate of foreign leaders, positions his
re-election bid in a broader international context, tying Hungary’s vote to
themes of national sovereignty and political alignment beyond the country’s
borders.
POLITICO was able to confirm the video’s authenticity via representatives for
Weidel and Salvini.
Ketrin Jochecová, Nette Nöstlinger and Gerardo Fortuna contributed to this
report.
The removal of a prominent TV show host in Bulgaria has sparked a backlash,
reigniting concerns about political pressure on the media amid the collapse of
the country’s government.
Maria Tsantsarova, the host of the political talk show “This Morning” on bTV,
the leading Bulgarian television channel, was informed on Friday that she would
not continue in her role, according to local media reports.
Journalists and citizens responded by gathering outside bTV’s headquarters in
Sofia on Friday evening, showing solidarity with Tsantsarova and her co-host
Zlatimir Yochev, who was also removed.
Tsantsarova is widely considered in Bulgaria as a critical voice toward
politicians.
“We are concerned about the risk of yet another ‘emptying of chairs’ — the
removal of critical voices — from Bulgaria’s national airwaves. We call on bTV’s
management to take a reasonable decision that does not run counter to the public
interest or the legislation protecting freedom of speech,” said the Association
of European Journalists Bulgaria.
Tsantsarova’s removal comes at a time of deep political unrest, after the
country’s coalition government resigned last week following one of the largest
waves of anti-government protests in its history, just under a year after taking
office.
Protesters in front of bTV’s headquarters carried cups that read “Time to make a
real change,” a reference to the same cup that Tsantsarova recently appeared on
air with.
The TV channel has denied the journalists’ removal in a statement, instead
saying the company is “in dialogue with Maria Tsantsarova and is discussing
possibilities for the development of its programming content with her active
involvement in the new year, which is standard practice.”
Neither Tsantsarova nor Yochev has commented publicly on the developments.
Bulgaria dropped to 70th place from 59th in this year’s Reporters Without
Borders (RSF) media freedom ranking.
“Press freedom is fragile and unstable in one of the poorest and most corrupt
countries in the European Union. The few independent media in Bulgaria are under
pressure,” RSF said in its 2025 analysis.
Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni on Friday denounced an attack on
investigative journalist Sigfrido Ranucci after an explosive device detonated
under his car outside his home late Thursday.
No one was injured in the blast, which damaged a second family vehicle and a
neighboring house in Pomezia, a municipality south of Rome. Anti-mafia
prosecutors have opened an investigation, ANSA reported.
“I express my full solidarity with the journalist Sigfrido Ranucci and the
strongest condemnation for the serious act of intimidation he has suffered,”
Meloni said in a statement. “The freedom and independence of information are
non-negotiable values of our democracies, which we will continue to defend.”
Ranucci and the Meloni government have a tense relationship.
Report, the show he hosts, has repeatedly investigated government figures,
including a probe into the alleged role of officials in the attempted takeover
of Mediobanca by Monte dei Paschi di Siena, which led Meloni’s Head of Cabinet
Gaetano Caputi to pursue leagal action in July against the program.
In recent years, Ranucci has faced multiple lawsuits from members of Meloni’s
government, the Senate President Ignazio La Russa, Finance Minister Giancarlo
Giorgetti and prominent political families, including the Berlusconis.
Other members of Meloni’s government also expressed solidarity with Ranucci.
Defense Minister Guido Crosetto called the attack “extremely serious, cowardly
and unacceptable,” while Interior Minister Matteo Piantedosi pledged full police
support to identify the perpetrators and strengthen the journalist’s protection.
Ranucci has lived under police guard for years after he and his newsroom
received threats due to their reporting on politicians, business leaders and
other public figures but also mafia networks and corruption cases tied to
organized crime. Earlier this week, he was acquitted in a defamation case
stemming from one of Report’s investigations.
Since taking office in 2022, Meloni has faced criticism for actions perceived as
undermining press freedom, including legal threats against journalists and
censorship attempts, raising concerns among watchdog organizations and European
institutions about the state of media independence in Italy.
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen delivered pointed remarks
Wednesday to Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić about his country’s progress
toward EU membership.
“Now is the moment for Serbia to get concrete about joining our union,” said the
Commission chief, during a press conference in Belgrade on her tour of the
Western Balkans.
“Therefore, we need to see progress, on the rule of law, the electoral framework
and media freedom,” von der Leyen added.
“I know these reforms are not easy,” she said. “They take patience and
endurance. They must include all parts of society and the political spectrum.
But they are worth the effort. Because they move you closer to your goal.”
Von der Leyen also urged the Serbian president to join the EU in imposing
sanctions against Russia. Belgrade has consistently refused to align with the
bloc in sanctioning Russian energy and goods, especially since it is almost
entirely dependent on Russian gas.
“I commend you for reaching 61 percent of alignment with our foreign policy. But
more is needed. We want to count on Serbia as a reliable partner,” said von der
Leyen.
Serbia applied for EU membership in 2009 and was subsequently granted candidate
status in 2012, later opening accession negotiations with the EU in 2013. Since
then, 22 of the 35 chapters of accession criteria have been opened — but only
two have been provisionally closed.
Leadership in the Western Balkan country has come under heavy criticism in
recent years. Protests triggered by the collapse of the Novi Sad train station
canopy in November last year turned into a wider revolt over corruption,
accountability, and democratic backsliding, which was met with a violent
response from police.
The European Green Party criticized the Commission chief’s visit to Serbia,
calling it “deeply regrettable that von der Leyen honors Vučić with an official
visit without visible reservations, while his regime unlawfully detains students
and opposition members and violently represses protesters,” its co-chair Vula
Tsetsi said in a statement.
The U.S. decided last week to sanction Serbia’s leading oil supplier, the
Petroleum Industry of Serbia (NIS), because it is majority-owned by Russia’s
Gazprom Neft.
Vučić met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Beijing during a regional
security summit in September, reaffirming Serbia’s commitment to purchasing
Russian gas and potentially increasing it.
“Since the beginning of the Ukrainian crisis, Serbia has been in a very
difficult situation and under great pressure, but … we will preserve our
neutrality,” said Vučić, utilizing Kremlin terminology for its war on Kyiv.
First published on caglecartoons.com, Sept. 23, 2025. | By Becs First published
on PoliticalCartoons.com, Sept. 26. | By Bart van Leeuwen First published on
caglecartoons.com, Sept. 26, 2025, Austria. | By Marian Kamensky First published
on caglecartoons.com, Sept. 25, 2025, Austria. | By Marian Kamensky First
published on PoliticalCartoons.com, Sept. 24. | By Dick Wright First published
on caglecartoons.com, Sep. 23, 2025, Austria. | By Marian Kamensky
There’s a great deal at stake in the upcoming Czech election — for Russia. So
perhaps it’s no wonder that Czechia has been flooded by pro-Russian
disinformation of late.
A victory by populist right-winger Andrej Babiš, who is ahead in the polls,
would see him join Viktor Orbán and Robert Fico around the EU table. The
Hungarian and Slovak leaders are on friendly terms with Russian President
Vladimir Putin and have consistently torpedoed EU unity on Ukraine.
Incumbent Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala has framed the Oct. 3-4 vote as no
less than a battle over the country’s geopolitical future.
“It’s about where the Czech Republic will go. Whether we remain a strong
democracy, with full freedom, with prosperity, a country that is firmly part of
the West … or whether we drift somewhere to the East,” Fiala told a rally in
Plzeň in western Czechia earlier last week that was attended by POLITICO.
Against that backdrop, analysts have warned Czechia is being inundated by
pro-Russian propaganda and disinformation.
The volume of fake news has increased steadily since Russia’s February 2022
full-scale invasion of Ukraine to a record high of some 5,000 articles per
month, according to Vojtěch Boháč, an investigative journalist with Czech outlet
Voxpot.
A recent Voxpot investigation found that the 16 largest disinformation websites
churn out more content than all Czech traditional media outlets combined.
Articles ranged from critical takedowns of the EU and NATO to extraordinary
conspiracy theories, including claims that Brussels is promoting cannibalism as
a solution to climate change.
Analysts stressed that the pro-Russian disinformation drive is less about
backing a specific candidate than undermining Czechia as a whole.
Recently, much of the political messaging has shifted to questioning the
legitimacy of the election, calling into question the very value of democracy,
said Kristína Šefčíková, head of the information resilience program at the
Prague Security Studies Institute.
“In the informational space, we can essentially see the Kremlin playbook being
used,” she said.
A victory by populist right-winger Andrej Babiš, who is ahead in the polls,
would see him join Viktor Orbán and Robert Fico around the EU table. | Radek
Mica/Getty Images
Russia isn’t the only foreign power interfering in Czech domestic affairs —
China also plays a notable role — but its influence is by far the most visible.
“Russia is definitely topic number one right now here,” Šefčíková added.
MOSCOW’S CANDIDATE?
Under Fiala, Czechia has spearheaded an arms initiative to accelerate ammunition
supplies to Kyiv and has welcomed a vast number of Ukrainian refugees, who now
make up about 5 percent of the country’s population — the highest per capita
number in the entire EU.
A win for Babiš, a former communist turned billionaire who co-founded the
far-right Patriots for Europe group in the European Parliament, could well
change that.
His party manifesto pledges to axe the ammunition plan, and in interviews Babiš
has called for “compromise” to end the fighting in Ukraine and avoid a larger
war with Russia. His party, ANO, has also called to scrap a legal amendment that
helps prosecute those who pass on sensitive information to foreign powers,
including Russia.
“Babiš is against this ammunition initiative, against spending on defence, he
talks about peace without any conditions,” Fiala told the FT. “He helps Vladimir
Putin, it’s very clear.”
Babiš, meanwhile, has accused Fiala of trying to escalate the conflict in
Ukraine, saying the prime minister “dreams of war with Russia.”
“President Trump rightly warned President Zelenskyy and, by extension, Europe
that he is playing with World War III,” Babiš said in March.
Babiš’ line echoes that of Georgia’s ruling party, Georgian Dream, which has
stoked fears of war with Russia to justify a sharp turn away from Europe.
But Tomáš Cirhan, a political analyst at Masaryk University in Brno, said Babiš
is trying to win votes by appealing to a part of Czech society that is concerned
increased defense spending will come at the expense of local services.
He’s “a pragmatist populist politician trying to say what he needs to get their
support, rather than being ideologically a pro-Russian person,” said Cirhan,
noting Babiš’ “firm” track record on Russia when he was prime minister from
2017-2021.
Much will depend on whether Babiš forms a coalition with far-left or far-right
fringe parties, which are far more explicitly anti-EU and pro-Russian, Cirhan
added.
Czechia has spearheaded an arms initiative to accelerate ammunition supplies to
Kyiv and has welcomed a vast number of Ukrainian refugees. | Michal Cizek/Getty
Images
Babiš did not respond to a request for comment.
REVENGE SABOTAGE
Although the Kremlin has consistently denied any foreign interference in
Czechia, the fake news barrage fits into a broader strategy of what experts
describe as an aggressive campaign of hybrid warfare.
In its annual report published in July, the Czech intelligence service said
Russia had used the Telegram messenger service to recruit new agents to spy on
and target aid and military sites related to Ukraine.
Many of the agents did not know they were working for Russia, the report said,
having been recruited by middlemen.
A spokesperson for the Czech Military Intelligence Service, Jan Pejšek, told
POLITICO that the country’s strong support for Ukraine had “led to a reaction in
the form of increased activity of Russian intelligence services on Czech
territory, including cyber attacks.”
The ultimate goal, said Šefčíková of the Prague Security Studies Institute, “is
to sow confusion, fear and uncertainty about what’s true and what is real.”
Combating it is not straightforward.
Like many European countries, Czechia has banned Russian state media outlets
like Sputnik and RT. In March last year it led a successful European effort to
sanction the Voice of Europe news website for leading a pro-Russian influence
operation.
Yet according to Boháč of Voxpot, as many as one quarter of Czech fake news
either directly translates or paraphrases lines from Russian state media. “There
is a systematic breaching of sanctions,” he said, blaming a lack of political
will to enforce the rules.
In emailed comments, a spokesperson for Czechia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs
said enforcement of sanctions fell under the remit of the country’s Financial
Analytical Office (FAÚ) and “where relevant, the police.”
The FAU redirected POLITICO to the Ministry of Finance, which cited the “legal
obligation of confidentiality” as a reason not to give further details. Russia’s
Foreign Ministry did not respond to a request for comment.
Czechia’s relatively short history as a liberal democracy means the government
is loath to appear as a censor, according to Cirhan, the political analyst.
The Czech intelligence service said Russia had used the Telegram messenger
service to recruit new agents to spy on and target aid and military sites
related to Ukraine. | Jaap Arriens/Getty Images
“Any attempts to close some media outlets or some websites claiming that they
are disinformation websites is a very sensitive topic indeed,” he noted.
SPOT THE FOREIGN INFLUENCE
Further complicating the fight against interference is that proving Russian
involvement is not always straightforward — even for seasoned
propaganda-watchers.
There have been some documented cases of financial and other ties among Czech
media figures or politicians and Russian-linked entities. But “in other cases
there is ideological or narrative alignment, but no direct proof,” said
Šefčíková.
Establishing the exact share of what is Kremlin-directed malign activity versus
homegrown content that happens to align with Russian interests is “almost
impossible,” she added.
However, the best defense against fake news is trust in traditional media and
democratic institutions, she argued.
In that case, the country stands a good chance of fighting back against
disinformation. In 2024, the Disinformation Resilience Index — a regional
ranking of 10 Central and Eastern European countries — rated Czechia as
“strong.”
But the report also warned of a “rising sense of uncertainty within Czech
society and a growing distrust towards the state, its political leaders, the
media, and even among Czech citizens themselves.”
It’s likely to be music to Moscow’s ears.
President Donald Trump on Friday reiterated his claim that critical television
coverage of him is “illegal” and pushed back on criticisms that his
administration was taking actions that chill free speech.
“When 97 percent of the stories are bad about a person, it’s no longer free
speech,” Trump told reporters in the Oval Office, complaining about an apparent
asymmetry between his victory in the 2024 election and his treatment by media
organizations. It was not immediately clear what statistics or laws he was
referencing.
Trump’s comments came days after Disney indefinitely suspended the late night
host Jimmy Kimmel after Federal Communications Commissioner Brendan Carr
suggested on a podcast that his agency may take regulatory action against ABC,
which Disney owns. Kimmel drew ire over comments he made about Charlie Kirk, the
conservative activist and White House ally who was shot and killed last week.
After Kimmel was suspended, Carr said “I don’t think this is the last shoe to
drop” and suggested the FCC — an agency, overseen by Congress, designed to act
independently from the president — may target other shows, including ABC’s “The
View.”
The Kimmel saga caused Democrats and some free speech hawks to protest. Senate
Minority Leader Chuck Schumer demanded Carr’s resignation.
One notable Republican also weighed in: Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas, who on a podcast
released Friday called Carr’s actions “dangerous as hell” and “right out of
‘Goodfellas.’”
Trump in the Oval Office defended Carr, calling him “incredible” and “a great
American.” He said he disagreed with Cruz.
“I think he’s a courageous person,” Trump said of Carr. “He doesn’t like to see
the airwaves be used illegally and incorrectly.”